A Volume in the Russell Sage Foundation Series on Trust By taking the crucial step from observation to experimentation, this study marks a major breakthrough in the study of ethnic diversity. Research on ethnic diversity typically draws on either experimental research or field work. Such norms may be more subject to change than deeply held ethnic antipathies-a powerful finding for policymakers seeking to design social institutions in diverse societies. These results suggest that what may look like ethnic favoritism is, in fact, a set of reciprocity norms-stronger among coethnics than among non-coethnics-that make it possible for members of more homogeneous communities to take risks, invest, and cooperate without the fear of getting cheated. This effect was most pronounced among individuals who were otherwise least likely to cooperate.
With their actions publicly observed, subjects gave significantly more to coethnics, expected their partners to reciprocate, and expected that they would be sanctioned for a failure to cooperate. Yet when anonymity was removed, subjects behaved very differently. When given the opportunity to act altruistically, individuals did not choose to benefit coethnics disproportionately when their actions were anonymous.
Nor was there evidence that subjects favored the welfare of their coethnics over that of non-coethnics. Contrary to the prevalent notion that shared preferences facilitate ethnic collective action, differences in goals and priorities among participants were not found to be structured along ethnic lines. Many of the subsequent findings debunk long-standing explanations for diversity's adverse effects. Hundreds of local participants interacted with various partners in laboratory games simulating real-life decisions involving the allocation of money and the completion of joint tasks. The Mulago-Kyebando Community Study uses behavioral games to explore how the ethnicity of the person with whom one is interacting shapes social behavior. The study, conducted in a neighborhood of Kampala, Uganda, notable for both its high levels of diversity and low levels of public goods provision, hones in on the mechanisms that might account for the difficulties diverse societies often face in trying to act collectively. Coethnicity reports the results of a landmark study that aimed to find out why diversity has this cooperation-undermining effect. System Error exposes the root of our current predicament: how big tech's relentless focus on optimization is driving a future that reinforces discrimination, erodes privacy, displaces workers, and pollutes the information we get.Īrmed with an understanding of how technologists think and exercise their power, three Stanford professors - a philosopher working at the intersection of tech and ethics, a political scientist who served under Obama, and the director of the undergraduate Computer Science program at Stanford (also an early Google engineer) - reveal how we can hold that power to account.Īs the dominance of big tech becomes an explosive societal conundrum, they share their provocative insights and concrete solutions to help everyone understand what is happening, what is at stake, and what we can do to control technology instead of letting it control us.Įthnically homogenous communities often do a better job than diverse communities of producing public goods such as satisfactory schools and health care, adequate sanitation, and low levels of crime.
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We have simply accepted a technological future designed for us by technologists, the venture capitalists who fund them, and the politicians who give them free rein. Yet too few of us see any alternative to accepting the onward march of technology.
In no more than the blink of an eye, a naïve optimism about technology's liberating potential has given way to a dystopian obsession with biased algorithms, surveillance capitalism, and job-displacing robots. Reed Hastings, co-founder and CEO of NetflixĪ forward-thinking manifesto from three Stanford professors which reveals how big tech's obsession with optimization and efficiency has sacrificed fundamental human values and outlines steps we can take to change course, renew our democracy, and save ourselves.
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Read this if you want to understand how to shape our technological future and reinvigorate democracy along the way.
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